Blurred Boundaries: The multidimensional convergence of Social Media’s Impact on Privacy, Speech and Employment Law

Are employees and employers operating in a universe without realizing the density of the fog that obscures the boundaries of the employee-employer relationship in cyberspace because the Supreme Court prefers to decide cases on narrower grounds?

Due to narrow rulings, examining decisions beyond employment law may yield analysis that can serve as temporary guideposts for employers and employees while monitoring the developing landscape.

Over a decade ago, the unanimous Supreme Court did just that. In City of Ontario, Cal. v. Quon, the Court avoided addressing the employee privacy issue by deciding that employer acted reasonably, thereby justified their non-investigatory search of an employer-issued pager in 2002. The employee brought an action for deprivation of civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The § 1983 claim requires a governmental actor to deprive a constitutional right while acting under the color of law. The government, as the employer, issued a policy covering emails and Internet usage, but it was not specific to text messages. However, a supervisor verbally put all employees on notice that text would be considered emails, despite the difference between the technology used during transmission. Some of the non-work-related messages sent during working hours were sexual. Despite both the District Court and the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided that the employee had an expectation of privacy in the text messages, the Supreme Court avoided addressing that issue while finding the search constitutional.

Since most of today’s labor force has never carried a pager, the more relevant aspect of this decision is the Court forecasting the “rapid changes in the dynamics of communication and information transmission” which may be evident “in the technology itself but in what society accepts as proper behavior.” How right they were, I could not have predicted the explosion of technology. Because emerging technology’s role in society was unclear, detailing the constitutionality of other actions could have been risky. Last month this preference was reinforced. However, definitive holdings could have become the foundation upon which employers and employees could make educated decisions while technology’s role in society becomes more evident. Like an airplane flying out of cloud cover, suddenly the landscape becomes visible.

The Court had the foresight that cell phone communications would become essential in self-expression that it would require employers to communicate clear policies. However, the challenge lies in setting clear policies when privacy and protected speech boundaries are not clearly defined but obscured in the fog created by balancing tests established in other speech cases.

One such landmark ruling is the 1969 “school arm-band case” during the Vietnam War. In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., the Court separately analyzed the time, place, and type of be¬havior/communication. Tinker’s substantial disruption analysis requires that the prohibition on speech needs to be due to something other than just the desire to avoid discomfort and unpleasantness.

The Court in Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc. established that speech cannot be suppressed just because society finds the content offensive. Likewise, in Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’ Ass’n, the Court also found that the amendments to the constitution also applied to the government when performing non-criminal functions.
Likewise, the Court ruled in Treasury Employees v. Von Raab that not only did the Fourth Amendment apply to the government as an employer but that the issue of privacy applies to private-sector employees as well.

More recently, Justice Stevens addressed a public employee’s expectation of privacy in his concurring opinion in Quon. He highlighted the significant issue: there “lacks tidy distinctions between workplace and private activities.” Today’s social media and society’s view have further blurred the boundaries to the point of non-existence.

Just last month, the Supreme Court had an opportunity to establish bright lines that would have further clarified the legal landscape of social media. The rule could have applied to the employer-employee relationship. In Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L., the Court held that the school violated the student’s free speech rights because the school’s special interests did not overcome the student’s right to freedom of expression. The decision was based primarily on the time of the speech, the location from where B.L. made it, the content, and the target audience. The school’s interests also focused on preventing disruption in the facility.

Justice Alito, in his concurrence, explains that it is not prudent to establish a general First Amendment rule for off-premise student speech but rather to examine the analytical framework. While this approach serves the parties of this case and is of some value to other students, it is so narrowly tailored that it may have little precedence in other speech disputes.

Rather than a bright-line rule, the Court is building a boundary fence around the First Amendment one panel at a time. While the legal community functions within this ever-changing reality, society pays the burden until clarity is achieved.

  The Court’s lesson from Mahanoy might be that regulations on student speech raises serious First Amendment concerns; school offi¬cials should proceed cautiously before venturing into this territory. That same caution may be prudent for both the private sector and public sector employers. Social media’s impact is not limited to situations where a person’s post impacts their employment. One example, among many, is Amy Cooper, the Central Park 911 caller, who was immediately fired for racism and later charged with filing a false police report. She has since filed a civil suit against her employer.

Unfortunately, the Court’s preference to dispose of cases narrowly while avoiding addressing all the possible issues creates tension between different interpretations until the Court adds the last panel completing the boundary fence around the First Amendment. Until then, we will have to consider how the courts will decide issues within the employment arena, such as the termination of Amy Cooper or any law enforcement officer firings due to social media posts.

Will the Courts find that employees, like students, do not “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression” at the workplace gate in the era of social media?

Is There Such a Thing as Off-Campus Anymore?

The Supreme Court will soon decide Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L., which raises the issue of whether the First Amendment prohibits public school officials from regulating off-campus student speech.   The issue arose from an incident involving Brandi Levy (B.L.), who, after learning she had not made her school’s Varsity Cheerleading squad, posted a picture of herself on Snapchat with the caption “Fuck school fuck softball fuck cheer fuck everything.”  She made the post on a weekend while hanging out at a local convenience store.
Levy thought the post would disappear after 24 hours, and only about 250 people saw the post during that time. But one person took a screenshot of the post and showed it to the school’s cheerleading coaches.  The coaches decided Levy’s snap violated team and school rules, which Levy had acknowledged before joining the team, and she was suspended from the school’s junior varsity cheerleading team for a year.Levy and her parents sued the school under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, arguing that the school’s suspension violated her First Amendment right to free speech and that the school disciplinary rules were overly broad. The district court granted summary judgment in B.L.’s favor, ruling that the school had violated her First Amendment rights. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed.   On January 8, 2021, the Supreme Court took certiorari.  It heard the case on April 28, 2021.The case presents the first post-Internet decision concerning regulated school speech.  The last time the Court heard a case concerning the regulation of speech on school property was in 1969 when in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the Court ruled that students’ First Amendment Rights do not end when they enter the school-house door.  In that case, the Court overruled a high school policy that prohibited students from wearing armbands on campus in protest of the Vietnam War.  According to the Tinker Court, schools cannot regulate student speech unless there is a material and substantial disruption to the school or student body.When framed in the context of Tinker, Mahanoy School District seems a pretty straightforward case for the court to decide.  The question under Tinker becomes whether Levy’s Snapchat posed a substantial disruption to the school.  And quite frankly, although disrespectful, the post was not disruptive.The issue, however, is much bigger!

The Internet has given rise to considerable cyberbullying among students.  Quite often the bullying occurs off-campus but is targeted at fellow students or administrators.  The Third Circuit has previously considered and found in favor of free speech in two instances where students bullied school principals.  Lisa S. Blatt, the attorney for the School Board, summed it up best during oral arguments; “When it comes to the Internet,” Blatt argued, “things like time and geography are meaningless.”   Levy’s case presents the Court with the thorny issue of where the school steps start in our current virtual world.

Levy posted her Snapchat in 2017.  At that time, schools were grappling with how to handle off-campus cyberbullying between classmates.  Many authorities agree that under the Tinker standard, school officials can intervene if the off-campus speech has created or could create a substantial disruption or interference at school.  Students have a right to feel secure on campus, and therefore a school has the power to discipline off-campus speech, even at the expense of a student’s right to free speech.  Courts have applied this holding in a way that was favorable to the school to instances involving Internet chatter.  In Rosario v. Clark County School Dist., a 2013 District Court upheld a school administration’s decision to discipline and punish a student for tweets a minor made while at a restaurant about a basketball coach who dismissed him from the team.  In Kowalski v. Berkeley Cnty. Schs.,  the Fourth Circuit ruled that a school did not violate a student’s free speech rights by suspending her for creating and posting to a webpage that ridiculed fellow students.

On the other hand, in instances where students could prove in court that their off-campus social media did not substantially disrupt the school the student has prevailed.  Consider, for example, Layshock v. Hermitage School Dist., in which the full Third Circuit ruled that the school infringed on a student’s First Amendment rights by suspending him for posting an online parody of the principle.  The Court ruled the same way on almost the same set of facts in J.S. v. Blue Mountain School Dist. But to date, among Federal Circuit Courts, only the Third Circuit has sided with the school in instances of off-campus online speech. And even those cases suggest that there are instances where a school can appropriately infringe on a student’s First Amendment Rights.  In response to J.S. and Layshock, Judge Kent Jordan of the Third Circuit stated: “The issue is whether the Supreme Court’s decision in Tinker, can be applied to off-campus speech. I believe it can, and no ruling coming out today is to the contrary.”

The Supreme Court could easily punt in this case; decide whether Levy’s Snapchat disrupted on-campus activities and leave it at that.  But in this instance, the Court should not miss the opportunity to discuss the more significant issue of what rules should apply given the very real issue of blurred school boundaries.  Especially since these boundaries have become even more blurred with the Pandemic.  Living rooms and bedrooms across the country have become virtual classrooms.  It seems impossible to suggest in today’s wired world that, as attorney Blatt suggests, there are any geographical boundaries to school. Prohibiting schools from regulating speech outside brick-and-mortar school buildings provides schools with the opportunity to prevent the severest of cyberbullying.   On the other hand, expanding a schools’ reach threatens the very foundation of our constitution.

The Supreme Court decided Tinker well before the Internet was integral to our homes. Mahanoy Area School Dist. v. B.L., offers the Court the opportunity to provide much-needed guidance to school administrators who walk a tight balance between respecting First Amendment Rights and protecting the right of their students to learn in a conducive educational environment.  Defining that guidance is the difficult part and with three new members of SCOTUS,  it is hard to decide which way they may rule.

How do you think the Court should rule and what would your ruling be if you were a Supreme Court Justice?

 

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